⚡ What Really Happens During a Government Shutdown? Here’s What Closes and What Stays Open

WASHINGTON, Sept. 29 – As lawmakers in Congress struggle to reach a budget deal, the specter of a government shutdown looms large once again. But what exactly happens when the federal government runs out of money to operate, and which services are affected?

Background: Why Shutdowns Happen

A government shutdown occurs when Congress fails to pass appropriations bills or a short-term funding resolution, known as a continuing resolution (CR). Without this funding authority, many federal agencies cannot operate at full capacity.

This isn’t unprecedented. Since 1980, the U.S. has seen more than 20 shutdowns of varying lengths. The most recent – in 2018–2019 – stretched for 35 days, the longest in U.S. history.

What Closes?

When a shutdown begins, federal agencies categorize employees as either “essential” or “non-essential.” Those deemed essential must continue working without pay until funding resumes, while non-essential staff are furloughed.

• Closed or Limited Operations:

  • National parks, museums, and monuments often shut their doors or operate with reduced staff.

  • Many federal agencies pause public-facing services, including passport processing delays.

  • Regulatory and administrative functions, from permits to research programs, slow or stop entirely.

• Open but Impacted:

  • Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid continue, as they are mandatory programs.

  • Air traffic controllers, military personnel, and Border Patrol agents remain on duty but work without pay until funding is restored.

Voices From the Frontline

“Shutdowns create needless anxiety for federal workers and the public,” said Tony Reardon, president of the National Treasury Employees Union. “These are dedicated public servants who shouldn’t be used as bargaining chips.”

White House officials, meanwhile, stressed urgency: “Every day without a funding bill means more disruption for families and communities across America,” a spokesperson said.

The Economic and Social Cost

The Congressional Budget Office estimates that prolonged shutdowns shave billions off the economy, from lost federal productivity to delayed contracts. Local businesses near government offices and tourist hotspots also feel the pinch when workers are furloughed and visitors disappear.

What Happens Next?

If Congress cannot reach a compromise, agencies will begin implementing contingency plans. Essential operations will continue, but millions of workers will brace for uncertainty. Lawmakers face mounting pressure from unions, businesses, and the public to avoid prolonged disruption.

Shutdowns typically end when Congress passes a funding bill and the President signs it into law. Until then, the country watches and waits.